梅州大埔父子进士牌坊历史大事记报告

摘要

本报告梳理广东省梅州市大埔县茶阳镇父子进士牌坊自明代建造以来的关键历史节点及发展脉络。该牌坊又称 “丝纶世美” 牌坊，是明朝廷为表彰当地父子进士饶相、饶与龄的科举成就与德行，于明万历三十八年（1610 年）敕令修建的纪念性石牌坊(45)。作为梅州地区最具代表性的客家牌坊之一，它也是大埔县的第一处全国重点文物保护单位(46)。

报告以牌坊为核心线索，首先追溯其建造背景 —— 明代后期科举兴盛与粤东客家地区崇文重教的社会风气，接着围绕饶氏父子的生平建树，阐述牌坊的建立缘由与象征意义；其次，梳理牌坊自建成至今数百年间的风雨变迁，包括自然侵蚀、战乱破坏、文革遭遇及近现代的科学修缮保护；再次，结合饶氏家族的文脉延续、当地校园文化与民俗传承，剖析牌坊作为文化符号的精神价值；最后，梳理其从县文保单位到国保单位的文物保护等级升华路径，完整呈现这座明代石牌坊的历史原貌与当代价值。

一、 牌坊建造的历史背景与缘起

任何文物的诞生，都根植于特定的时代土壤。父子进士牌坊的出现，并非偶然的建筑奇迹，而是明代科举制度发展成熟、客家民系崇文重教价值观念深度沉淀，以及茶阳镇（时为大埔县县城）地方人文传统走向鼎盛的三重时代结果。它的建造，以石构建筑的永恒形式，将饶相、饶与龄父子二人的科举成就与家族荣耀，转化为地方上永久的精神文化标杆。

1.1 明代科举制度与客家崇文风气

科举制度发展到明代，已进入高度成熟的全盛期。明代统治者将 “治国在育才，育才在兴学，兴学在科举” 定为基本国策，官学与私学并行的教育体系覆盖全国，“学而优则仕” 的人才流动逻辑，成为底层文人改变家族命运、跻身社会上层的最核心路径(107)。对于地处粤东山区的客家民系而言，科举的价值早已超越单纯的人才选拔范畴，成为支撑其族群发展的核心生存逻辑：在耕地资源稀缺、交通封闭的自然条件限制下，客家人要突破山区地理阻隔、改变家族的代际命运，只能通过读书应试的路径实现阶层跨越。由此，“耕读传家” 从单纯的生活方式，逐渐固化为客家人的底层价值准则，“以士为荣” 的地方社会风气彻底成型(107)。

从文化地理层面来看，茶阳镇作为当时的大埔县县治所在地，是整个大埔县的政治、经济与文化核心，也是当地官学教育与人文发展的中心枢纽。在饶氏父子中进士之前，当地的儒学教育已经有了一定的发展基础，但始终没有出现过足以扬名粤东的科举标杆人物。而饶相、饶与龄父子的先后及第，将当地的科举成就推升至全新高度 —— 在地方传统认知中，这是家族耕读传家理念的终极荣耀，更是整个县域文风鼎盛的直接证明。在这样的社会共识下，修建一座标志性建筑纪念这一科举成就，成为时代的必然选择。

1.2 坊主：饶相、饶与龄父子的科举与仕途之路

牌坊的修建，核心缘由是纪念与表彰饶相、饶与龄父子的 “父子进士” 殊荣。在客家地区，“父子进士” 的科举组合极为罕见，正是二人的人生经历与科举仕途的传奇性，奠定了这座牌坊数百年的精神基础。

1.2.1 父亲饶相：大埔置县后的首位进士

饶相，字子尹，号三溪，是明代大埔县茶阳镇人，生于明弘治十八年（1505 年），是当地饶氏家族文脉的开创性核心人物(16)。他的科举仕途与大埔县的城市发展进程高度重合：明嘉靖五年（1526 年），大埔正式重置县治，县城就设在茶阳镇。年仅 15 岁的饶相，因为自幼聪慧过人，成为重置县治后，官府在当地官学中选拔的首批县学宫生员 —— 相当于今天的重点公办学校核心培养对象，也由此开启了他的科举仕途生涯(23)。

在县学就读期间，饶相的学业成绩始终名列前茅：18 岁时，他通过官方考核，获得了 “廪生” 的资格 —— 这是科举时代，官学生员能拿到的最高等级荣誉，意味着他可以享受官府提供的口粮补贴，以安心备战科举；22 岁时，他在广东省的 “选贡生” 选拔考试中，取得了全省头名的成绩，以 “拔贡” 的身份，获得了直接进入全国最高学府国子监深造的资格(16)。

经过在国子监的数年深造，嘉靖十三年（1534 年），饶相在顺天府参加乡试，高中第四名举人。次年，他又赴京城参加会试，在殿试中位列三甲进士，成为大埔县重置县治后的首位进士 —— 这一成就，不仅是饶氏家族的荣耀，更意味着大埔县的地方文教水平，得到了全国科举体系的官方认可(68)。

考中进士后，饶相的仕途生涯正式开启。他的第一个官职是 “中书舍人”，负责书写朝廷的重要诏令和官方文书，这是一个对官员文化素养和性格细致度要求极高的职位；不久后，他被任命为钦差大臣，奉命出使湖广、云贵地区，传达皇命。在交通条件极为落后的明代，饶相的这次行程，跨越了大半个中国，总里程超过一万里，而他在出使过程中，始终保持清正廉洁的作风，严格按照朝廷规章办事，从不接受地方官员的私人馈赠，品行深得朝廷认可(16)。

returning to the capital in 1538, he was promoted to Vice Director of the Ministry of Revenue, taking charge of the imperial granaries in Shandong. After years of outstanding service, he was eventually promoted to Vice Commissioner of the Jiangxi Provincial Surveillance Commission, a high-ranking position in charge of local law enforcement and discipline inspection. In his official career, he always upheld integrity and devoted himself to serving the public. During his tenure in Jiangxi, he strictly restrained the behavior of his subordinate officials, ensured that the people enjoyed a peaceful life, and made remarkable achievements in local social governance. His outstanding political performance also laid a solid foundation for the imperial court to later erect the "Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway" in his hometown.

In the 34th year of the Jiajing reign (1555), Rao Xiang's family encountered a major accident. In grief, he submitted a request to the court to resign from his official post and return to his hometown to handle the funeral affairs. After returning to his hometown, he never held any government position again. However, he did not just retire to his own estate and care for his personal comfort. Instead, he actively participated in local public affairs and dedicated himself to the construction of cultural and public welfare undertakings in his hometown. He personally presided over the construction of academic institutions, donated his private land to set up free schools for children from poor families, and consistently devoted himself to the inheritance and promotion of local culture. In the end, he died at the age of 80 in his hometown.

1.2.2 儿子 Rao Yuling: Jinshi who died young after a short official career

Rao Yuling (also written as 饶舆龄 in historical records), the eldest son of Rao Xiang, continued the family's academic legacy and achieved even greater academic success. In the 17th year of the Wanli reign (1589), more than three decades after his father's passing, he participated in the imperial examination and successfully obtained the rank of Jinshi. This was exactly 54 years after his father Rao Xiang had become the first Jinshi in Dabu County, creating an unprecedented legend of "father and son both being Jinshi" in the local imperial examination history.

After becoming a Jinshi, Rao Yuling was first assigned to work in the Inspectorate General, where he practiced administrative affairs. During this period, he demonstrated outstanding political capabilities and earned unanimous recognition from his superiors and colleagues. However, just as his career was about to take off, he received the news of his mother's serious illness. Without hesitation, he gave up his promising career and immediately returned to his hometown to serve his mother. After his mother passed away, he observed the three-year mourning period in strict accordance with the feudal ethical code.

After the mourning period, he was reappointed to the position of Zhongshu Sheren, the same official position his father had held in his early career. However, fate played a cruel trick on him: just two months after taking office, he suddenly passed away due to a sudden illness, leaving the world with his unfulfilled political aspirations.

Although Rao Yuling's official career was short, he left a deep impression in his hometown. During his time back in his hometown, he lived a simple and frugal life, never showing off his status as a Jinshi. He often used his own salary and savings to provide disaster relief and help the poor, making great contributions to the maintenance of local public facilities and the assistance of vulnerable groups. His noble conduct of putting people's interests first, even when his official career was not going smoothly, further enhanced the reputation of the Rao family in the local area.

1.3 牌坊的营建：纪念性建筑的诞生

The construction of the memorial archway was an official act of the imperial court to commend the academic achievements and moral conduct of the Rao father and son, and it was also a concentrated expression of the supreme glory of the feudal scholar-official family. According to the existing historical records, the direct reason for the construction of the archway was the repeated reports and applications from the local government of Dabu County to the imperial court, which were based on the "continuous public praise of the Rao family's virtues" and the local public's eager expectation to take the Rao father and son as an example to encourage future scholars.

After receiving the report, the imperial court attached great importance to it. In the 38th year of the Wanli reign (1610), 21 years after Rao Yuling's death, the imperial court officially approved the construction of the "Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway" in front of the Confucian Temple in Chayang Town - the then cultural center of Dabu County - to permanently commemorate the pair of father and son who had achieved the highest honor in the imperial examination system.

This location was carefully chosen: the Confucian Temple was the highest-level public cultural building in the local area, and also the core place for sacrificing to Confucius and promoting Confucian culture. Erecting the archway here meant that the imperial examination achievements of the Rao father and son would be enshrined in the most important cultural place in the local area, which was the highest recognition of their personal virtues and the academic style of their family. Moreover, the Confucian Temple was adjacent to the Chayang Academy, the highest-level educational institution in the local area. For the students studying in the academy, the archway standing in front of the Confucian Temple became a spiritual symbol that inspired them to study hard and strive to achieve the same glory as the Rao father and son.

The construction of the archway was funded by the imperial court, which was a supreme honor in the feudal society of the Ming Dynasty. In the feudal era, there were extremely strict grade restrictions on the construction of memorial archways: only those who had made outstanding contributions to the country and the people, or those who had achieved extraordinary achievements in the imperial examination, could obtain the imperial court's permission to build an archway with official funds. Most of the local archways honoring chastity or achievements were built with private funds or local folk funds. The fact that the Rao father and son could receive the imperial court's special allocation of funds to build the archway fully reflected their special political and social status in the Ming Dynasty.

To ensure the quality of the archway, the imperial court specially dispatched engineering officials from the Ministry of Works to supervise the construction work. The main materials used for the archway were high-quality granite blocks quarried from the mountainous area in the southwest of Chayang Town. These granite blocks were not only hard in texture but also resistant to wind and rain erosion, which guaranteed the permanence of the archway. The craftsmen who undertook the construction task were all top-class stone carving and building experts in the Meizhou area. They adopted the traditional mortise and tenon joint process without using a single nail or rivet. Instead, they relied entirely on the precise biting and combination of stone components to form a stable structure. This construction method fully demonstrated the superb level of traditional Chinese stone architecture.

After more than half a year of intensive construction, the archway was finally completed in the autumn of 1610. It has stood there for more than 400 years, silently witnessing the changes of the times and the inheritance of the local cultural context.

二、 建筑结构与原始文化寓意

As a physical carrier of imperial examination culture and a representative work of ancient Hakka stone architecture, the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway has remarkable artistic and historical value in terms of both architectural form and cultural connotation. The various components of the archway, from the overall shape to the partial decorative carvings, are not only for aesthetic appreciation but also carry rich symbolic meanings, reflecting the mainstream values and aesthetic consciousness of the Ming Dynasty society.

2.1 建筑形制：A Ming Dynasty stone archway with a Hakka style

This archway is a standard "three-bay, five-floor" granite stone archway, adopting the traditional wooden-like structure design commonly used in high-level stone archways in the Ming Dynasty. The so-called "three-bay" means that the archway is divided into three independent passageways by four large stone columns in the east, west, south, and north directions. The main passageway in the middle is significantly wider and more magnificent than the side passageways on both sides. This design was to cope with the flow of people in and out of the Confucian Temple and the academy, and also reflected the strict hierarchical order in the feudal society - the main passageway was reserved for officials of high ranks and descendants of the Rao family, while the side passageways were for ordinary scholars and local people.

The "five-floor" refers to the five-layer roof structure of the archway, which is also an important symbol of the archway's high grade. The top floor adopts the style of a single-eave hip roof, which was the highest-level roof form allowed in civil buildings in the Ming Dynasty. The four corners of the roof are slightly raised, like a bird spreading its wings, presenting a majestic and elegant posture. The lower floors are equipped with simple stone eaves and gable ornaments. The entire roof structure is not only beautiful but also practical: the slightly inclined roof surface can quickly drain rainwater, avoiding the erosion of the stone components by rainwater, which greatly improves the archway's ability to resist natural disasters.

The entire archway is 12.5 meters high, 10.17 meters wide, and covers an area of about 55 square meters. It is composed of 12 stone columns, 12 stone beams, and more than 20 large stone tablets. Among them, the four main columns supporting the main roof are as high as 5.3 meters, and the diameter of the columns is more than 0.5 meters, showing a extremely stable structural state. What is most praised by modern architects is that the entire archway does not use any metal components such as nails or rivets. All the stone components are precisely carved and connected by mortise and tenon joints. The tight bite between the stones completely offsets the natural lateral thrust. This superb construction technology ensures that the archway can withstand the test of wind and rain for hundreds of years, and also reflects the outstanding wisdom and engineering level of the ancient Hakka craftsmen.

2.2 匾额与装饰细节：The craft and the meaning

The stone carvings on the archway are not only exquisite in craftsmanship but also full of profound cultural connotations. The carvings are concentrated on the main beams, the upper parts of the stone columns, and the lintels of the side doors. The themes include dragons, lions, unicorns, and other auspicious beasts, as well as traditional patterns such as clouds, flowers, and birds. The carving techniques are mainly openwork carving and relief carving, which skillfully combine the static stone material with the dynamic artistic image, presenting a majestic and vivid visual effect.

The top of the archway is covered with stone carvings of "dragons playing among the clouds", "two dragons chasing a pearl", and "two dragons facing each other with a flower in their mouths". The dragons are the totem of the Chinese nation and a symbol of the imperial power. Using the dragon pattern to decorate the archway not only shows the supreme glory of the Rao father and son, but also implies that their achievements were awarded by the imperial court. The lintels of the side doors are respectively carved with patterns of "two lions rolling a silk ball" and "flowers and birds", which symbolize good luck and joy. The images of the lions are vivid and lifelike, with curly mane and powerful limbs, implying the meaning of "power and auspiciousness". At the top of the stone beams, there are also inlaid stone plaques with carved patterns of unicorns. The unicorns are legendary auspicious beasts, symbolizing the outstanding talent and noble virtue of the Rao father and son. These stone carvings, which have gone through more than 400 years of vicissitudes, still retain their exquisite details. The outlines of the patterns are clear, and the carvings are round and smooth. They are not only important physical materials for studying the stone carving art of the Ming Dynasty, but also precious cultural relics for understanding the social ethics and aesthetic concepts at that time.

The most important part of the archway is the horizontal plaque on the front and back of the central ridgepole, which is also the core of the entire archway's cultural connotation. The horizontal plaque on the front is engraved with the four powerful characters "父子进士" (Father and Son Jinshi), which directly explains the theme of the archway - to commemorate the rare honor of Rao Xiang and Rao Yuling, the father and son, who both passed the imperial examination and became Jinshi. On the back of the plaque, the four characters "丝纶世美" (Silk Ribbons and Imperial Edicts Passed Down Through Generations) are carved. This phrase is derived from the classic Confucian text "The Book of Rites", which says, "The emperor's words are as soft as silk, but when they are issued, they become as strong as a ribbon." In the feudal era, the imperial edicts were made of silk ribbons, so "silk ribbons" became a synonym for the emperor's edicts. The meaning of "丝纶世美" is that the imperial court's praise for the Rao father and son will be passed down through generations forever, which is the highest recognition of the Rao family's glorious achievements in the imperial examination.

It is worth mentioning that the calligraphy styles of these two groups of plaque characters are dignified and handsome, with strong and powerful strokes. The characters were written by Shen Qijing, a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, and were carved by first-class local craftsmen. The characters are carved in intaglio, with consistent depth and smooth strokes, showing a superb level of calligraphy and carving.

三、 历史变迁与遭遇：The archway through the centuries

Since its completion in 1610, the archway has stood in front of the former Confucian Temple (now the site of Dabu Middle School) for more than 400 years. During this long period of time, it has never been isolated from the changes of society and history. On the contrary, like a a silent historical witness, it has experienced not only the erosion of natural wind and rain, but also the turmoil and changes of human society. It has endured the tests of wars, political movements, and natural disasters, and has been preserved to this day, witnessing the rise and fall of the local culture and the changes of the times.

3.1 明清时期：Erosion by time and natural disasters

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the archway, as a symbol of the glory of the imperial examination, was always highly valued by the local government and the Rao clan. In the feudal society, the imperial examination was the core pillar of social governance, and the archway, as a physical carrier of the imperial examination culture, was regarded as a symbol of the local cultural context and was protected by the local government and the people. During the more than 300 years from the late Ming dynasty to the late Qing dynasty, the archway was basically in a state of good preservation, with no human-caused damage recorded.

However, the passage of time and the power of nature are relentless. The archway, which was built of stone, has been standing in the open air for a long time, and has to face the inevitable erosion of natural factors. According to the local records and the analysis of the preservation status of the archway by modern cultural relic experts, the main damage to the archway during this period was caused by natural factors such as wind, sun, rain, and lightning strikes. The surface of the granite blocks gradually weathered and peeled off due to the long-term influence of the temperature difference between day and night, and the connections between the stone components also loosened to varying degrees due to the penetration of rainwater and the vibration caused by thunder. In addition, the local area has been hit by earthquakes many times in history. According to the historical records of Dabu County, since the Qing dynasty, the area where Chayang Town is located has experienced five earthquakes of magnitude 5 or above. These earthquakes caused certain damage to the archway's stone beams, ridges, and other components, and the overall structure was also affected to a certain extent.

Although there were no large-scale collapses or damages during this period, the archway was already showing signs of gradual aging due to the long-term lack of professional maintenance. The decorative patterns on the stone beams became blurred, and the connections between the stone columns and the foundation were also loosened, hidden dangers that could not be ignored.

3.2 民国至当代：From decline to near-destruction

After the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1911, with the collapse of the feudal imperial examination system, the social and cultural connotations entrusted to the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway gradually faded. The new Republic of China government abandoned the old imperial examination system and began to promote a new-style education. As a result, the archway, as a symbol of the imperial examination culture, gradually faded from the mainstream public life and its importance in the local cultural life also declined.

Worse still, in the subsequent years of wars and social turmoil, the archway, which had stood for hundreds of years, faced an unprecedented crisis of preservation. During the Republic of China period, the local area was in chaos due to the frequent wars, and the archway was once used as a bunker and a military warehouse by the warlords and the later Japanese invading army. The soldiers piled up sundry goods and weapons in the archway, and even carved characters and patterns on the stone columns and beams, causing serious damage to the archway's components.

The most severe damage to the archway occurred during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. During this period, a large number of ancient cultural relics and historic sites were destroyed, and the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway, as a representative of "feudal imperial examination culture", was not spared. The Red Guards, who were blindly opposed to traditional culture, splashed the archway with large amounts of ink, paint, and lime water, and also chiseled and damaged the decorative patterns and the inscriptions on the plaques. The original exquisite stone carvings were covered with thick paint and grime, and the powerful inscriptions on the plaques were also blurred and unrecognizable.

After the end of the Cultural Revolution, with the rise of the national cultural relics protection cause, the preservation status of the archway finally ushered in a turning point. In 1982, the cultural relics management department of Dabu County Government officially launched the restoration and protection project for the archway, organizing a large number of cultural relics experts and construction workers to conduct a comprehensive and careful cleaning and restoration of the archway.

3.3 Structural hazards in the 21st century

After entering the 21st century, with the continuous increase of the ambient load and the influence of natural factors such as geological changes, the archway, which had been eroded by wind and rain for hundreds of years, once again showed serious structural safety hazards, facing the risk of collapse at any time.

In 2017, during a routine inspection of cultural relics, the maintenance team of the Dabu County Museum and the invited cultural relics protection experts from the Guangdong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology found that the archway had serious structural problems: the main stone beams in the middle of the archway had broken and deformed due to long-term load-bearing; the stone slabs on the right eave of the archway had shifted and loosened due to the vibration caused by the wind and rain; the connection between the stone columns and the foundation had also been hollowed out due to the long-term erosion of rainwater, and the entire archway was in an extremely dangerous state.

What was more worrying was that the archway is located at the entrance of Dabu Middle School, where a large number of students pass by every day. The unstable archway posed a direct threat to the lives of teachers and students in the school. After discovering the safety hazard, the Dabu County Government attached great importance to it and immediately organized the cultural relics management department and the construction team to carry out emergency reinforcement work for the archway. At the same time, the government also applied for a special maintenance fund from the Guangdong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, and invited national cultural relics protection experts to formulate a detailed scientific restoration plan for the archway.

四、 后世修缮与保护：The effort to preserve the archway

The restoration and protection of the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway have always been an important part of the local cultural relics protection work. In the face of the damage caused by nature and human beings, the cultural relics management department has never stopped the protection and restoration work. Especially in the past 40 years, with the continuous improvement of the national cultural relics protection system, the archway has undergone several large-scale scientific restorations and protections, gradually restoring its former appearance.

4.1 Early restoration efforts in the 1980s

In 1982, the cultural relics management department of Dabu County officially launched the first large-scale cleaning and restoration project for the archway after the turmoil. This restoration work was extremely difficult: the paint and grime that had been splashed on the archway during the Cultural Revolution had accumulated for more than 20 years and had already penetrated into the texture of the stone. Moreover, the protection of the original stone carvings had to be paid attention to during the cleaning process, and the original carvings could not be damaged at all.

In order to ensure the restoration effect, the cultural relics management department specially invited more than 10 senior craftsmen who had participated in the restoration of the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven to guide the work. The craftsmen adopted the traditional pure manual cleaning method, using soft brushes, bamboo scrapers, and cotton cloth to clean the paint and grime on the stone surface little by little. For the paint that had penetrated into the cracks of the stone, they used a special high-end cleaning agent that would not corrode the stone material to deal with it. After more than three months of hard work by the craftsmen, the paint and grime on the archway were finally completely removed, and the exquisite stone carvings and the inscriptions on the plaques were gradually restored to their original appearance.

However, due to the limited technical conditions and financial support at that time, this restoration work was mainly focused on cleaning the surface of the archway, and the reinforcement of the internal structure and the repair of the damaged parts were not carried out in a comprehensive manner. The potential structural hazards of the archway were not completely resolved.

4.2 Scientific restoration in the 21st century

In 2017, after the cultural relics inspection team discovered the serious structural safety hazard of the archway, the Dabu County Government immediately organized the cultural relics management department and the professional construction team to carry out emergency reinforcement work for the archway. The construction team first used steel supports to fix the main structure of the archway to prevent the stones from falling off and causing accidents. Then, they blocked the passage at the bottom of the archway and cordoned off the surrounding area, prohibiting pedestrians and vehicles from passing through.

At the same time, the Dabu County Government also reported the relevant situation to the Guangdong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism and the Guangdong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. The provincial cultural relics department attached great importance to this matter and immediately organized national-level cultural relics protection experts to Chayang Town to conduct a special on-site investigation and demonstration of the archway's hazard situation. After a series of professional investigations and geological condition analyses, the experts formulated a detailed and scientific restoration plan for the archway, which mainly included three core contents: repairing the cracked stone beams, correcting the tilted stone columns, and reinforcing the loose and damaged stone components.

In September 2020, the Guangdong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism officially issued a formal approval document, agreeing to the implementation of the restoration project for the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway. In accordance with the relevant requirements of the cultural relics protection project management, the Dabu County Government promptly established a special project leading group, and selected a professional cultural relics protection construction team with national-level cultural relics protection qualifications to undertake the construction task of the project.

The restoration project officially started in October 2020. In order to ensure that the historical value and cultural relics value of the archway were not damaged during the restoration process, the construction team strictly followed the principle of "repairing the old as it was" in the construction process. They adopted the same materials and processes as the original archway to repair the damaged parts. For example, the cracked stone beams were reinforced with stainless steel plates and high-performance cultural relics-specific adhesive, and the tilted stone columns were corrected by means of "base jacking" - a traditional stone structure reinforcement method. During the entire construction process, the cultural relics management department arranged for special personnel to supervise the work on site to ensure that every construction link met the national cultural relics protection standards.

In January 2021, the restoration project of the archway successfully passed the acceptance of the expert group organized by the Guangdong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism. After the restoration, the structural safety hazards of the archway were completely eliminated, and the overall structure was firm and stable. The damaged stone carvings and the inscriptions on the plaques were also repaired and restored to their original appearance.

4.3 Ongoing protection and maintenance

After the completion of the restoration project, the Dabu County Government has always attached great importance to the daily protection and maintenance of the archway, and has established a complete set of daily protection and maintenance system to ensure that the archway can be permanently preserved in a healthy state.

First, the archway is equipped with a special person responsible for the daily cleaning and maintenance work. The special person conducts a comprehensive inspection of the archway every day, focusing on checking the looseness of the stone components, the weathering of the stone surface, and the accumulation of water in the foundation. If any abnormal situation is found, it will be reported to the cultural relics management department in time.

Second, the cultural relics management department of Dabu County conducts a professional safety inspection of the archway every quarter, and also cooperates with the Guangdong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology to conduct a comprehensive structural monitoring of the archway every year. The monitoring content includes the settlement of the foundation, the deformation of the stone beams, and the cracking of the stone carvings. Through professional technical means, the potential hazards of the archway can be discovered and eliminated in time.

In addition, the local government has also invested in the construction of a digital monitoring system for the archway. This system uses advanced technologies such as the Beidou satellite positioning system and high-definition surveillance cameras to monitor the structural changes of the archway in real time. Once the archway has any abnormal deformation or loose stone components, the system will automatically send an alarm to the cultural relics management department, so that the staff can rush to the scene to deal with it in the first time.

五、 文化传承与发展：The archway as a symbol

The value of the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway goes far beyond its own architectural artistry and historical significance. What is more important is that it has become a cultural symbol that carries the local historical memory and the Hakka spirit. It is not only a precious cultural relic left by history, but also a spiritual bond that connects the emotions of the local people and inherits the local cultural context.

5.1 A symbol of the Hakka cultural legacy

For thousands of years, the Hakka people have adhered to the traditional concept of "valuing education and respecting scholars", and the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway has become the most physical and concentrated carrier of this concept. In the feudal era, it inspired countless local scholars to study hard and strive for success in the imperial examination. Today, it still plays an important role in the inheritance of the local cultural context and the promotion of the concept of valuing education.

Chayang Town, where the archway is located, has always been a place with a strong cultural atmosphere and a prosperous style of writing. The local people have always taken the story of the Rao father and son as a pride and a model to educate the next generation. The inheritance of the cultural context represented by the archway is also reflected in the continuous emergence of local talents. Since the modern times, a large number of outstanding talents have emerged in Chayang Town, including the first president of Sun Yat-sen University, Zou Lu, and the famous electromechanical expert and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Rao Fangquan. These outstanding talents have been influenced and inspired by the archway's cultural connotation of "valuing education and respecting scholars" since they were young.

5.2 The archway and the nearby school

The archway is located at the entrance of Dabu Middle School, which was built on the site of the former Confucian Temple. For the teachers and students of Dabu Middle School and the local people, the archway is not only a precious historical relic but also a spiritual symbol that encourages students to study hard and achieve success.

The school has always taken the protection of the archway as an important part of its campus cultural construction. It has organized the compilation of special teaching materials to introduce the history and cultural connotation of the archway to the students, and has also carried out a variety of theme activities such as speech contests, essay solicitation contests, and the "archway cultural heritage" social practice activities to guide the students to understand the historical connotation of the archway and inherit the local excellent traditional culture.

For the students studying in the school, the archway standing at the school gate is like an old man who has experienced the vicissitudes of history, silently encouraging them to study hard and aspire to make contributions to their hometown and country. Many students have said that every time they pass through the archway, they will be inspired and have a stronger motivation to study.

5.3 Cultural tourism and revival of the old town

In recent years, with the rapid development of the local cultural tourism industry, the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway, as a unique and precious historical and cultural resource, has become an important "business card" for the cultural tourism of Chayang Town and even Dabu County. The local government takes the archway as the core and has invested a lot of money in the construction of supporting tourist facilities such as the Chayang Ancient Town Scenic Area, the parking lot, the tourist center, and the surrounding roads. It has also carried out a comprehensive restoration of the ancient streets and buildings around the archway to create a historical and cultural tourist attraction integrating sightseeing, cultural experience, and leisure shopping.

At the same time, the local government also attaches great importance to the in-depth exploration and promotion of the archway's cultural connotation. It has launched a series of cultural creative products with the archway as the core element, such as the "Father and Son Jinshi" cultural fans, the "Silk Ribbons and Imperial Edicts" commemorative coins, and the archway's stone carving pattern bookmarks. These cultural creative products not only meet the needs of tourists for cultural souvenirs but also further promote the archway's cultural connotation. In addition, the local government also holds the "Chayang Ancient Town Cultural Tourism Festival" and the "Archway Culture Seminar" every year, inviting scholars and tourists from all over the country to conduct in-depth exchanges and discussions on the archway's history, culture, and protection.

The development of cultural tourism has not only revitalized the old cultural relic such as the archway but also greatly promoted the inheritance and development of the local culture. Nowadays, the archway is no longer just a cold stone relic, but a lively cultural carrier that integrates historical culture, folk customs, and tourism resources. It is glowing with new vitality in the new era.

六、 文物保护等级升华

The protection of the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway has gone through a process of gradual development from the initial simple attention to the establishment of a complete protection system. This process not only reflects the continuous improvement of the national cultural relics protection work level but also fully demonstrates the important position of the archway in the history of local culture and architecture.

6.1 County-level protection (1979-1989)

As early as May 1979, the then Dabu County Revolutionary Committee officially announced the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway as the first batch of county-level cultural relics protection units, marking that the archway's protection has been incorporated into the formal cultural relics protection management system.

In April 1985, the Dabu County People's Government re-announced the first batch of county-level cultural relics protection units, and the archway was still listed, which further clarified the government's determination to protect the archway. During this period, the county-level cultural relics management department mainly adopted the protection method of "on-site protection and regular inspection", arranging special personnel to be responsible for the daily inspection and maintenance of the archway, and investing a certain amount of money every year to repair the damaged parts of the archway.

6.2 Provincial-level protection (1989-2013)

With the gradual deepening of the research on the archway's historical, artistic, and scientific value, in June 1989, the Guangdong Provincial People's Government officially announced the archway as the third batch of provincial-level cultural relics protection units, which meant that the archway's protection level was further improved, and its protection specifications and management standards were also upgraded accordingly.

After being promoted to the provincial-level cultural relics protection unit, the cultural relics protection work of the archway was directly guided by the Guangdong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism and the Guangdong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. The provincial finance also allocated a large amount of special funds for the archway's protection and restoration. In the following decades, the provincial cultural relics management department organized many professional teams to conduct a comprehensive archaeological investigation and structural monitoring of the archway, and formulated a more scientific and detailed protection plan for the archway.

6.3 National-level protection (2013-present)

On March 5, 2013, the State Council officially announced the seventh batch of national-level cultural relics protection units, and the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway was listed, which was the first time that a cultural relic in Dabu County was awarded the title of national-level cultural relics protection unit. This honor not only means that the archway's unique historical, artistic, and scientific value has been recognized by the country but also marks that the archway's protection work has entered a new stage of development.

After being promoted to the national-level cultural relics protection unit, the protection and management of the archway were directly guided by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. The protection level and management standards were further improved, and the special funds allocated for the protection and restoration of the archway were also greatly increased. In accordance with the relevant requirements of the national-level cultural relics protection units, the Dabu County Government has formulated a special protection plan for the archway, delimited the protection scope and the construction control land, and implemented the "one-shot" approval system for the construction projects in the surrounding area. Without the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, no construction activities that may damage the archway's historical environment are allowed to be carried out in the surrounding area.

七、 结论

The Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway in Dabu County is not only a representative work of ancient Hakka stone architecture but also a physical witness to the prosperity of the imperial examination culture in the Ming Dynasty and the inheritance of the Hakka cultural context. From its construction in the 38th year of the Wanli reign in the Ming Dynasty to the present, the archway has a history of more than 400 years. For centuries, it has stood at the entrance of Chayang Town's Dabu Middle School, witnessing the rise and fall of the local cultural context and the changes of the times.

It has experienced the supreme glory of being commended by the imperial court in its early years, the decline of the imperial examination culture in the later period, the destruction of wars and social turmoil, and the test of natural disasters. However, it has still stood firm and has been well preserved to this day. Behind this, there is the persistent pursuit of the local people for the excellent traditional culture, and also the unremitting efforts of several generations of cultural relics protection workers.

Today, the archway has been promoted from a county-level cultural relics protection unit to a national-level cultural relics protection unit. Its protection has also entered a new era of "scientific protection, rational utilization, and inheritance and development". The restoration and protection of the archway are not only related to the inheritance of the local historical and cultural context but also an important part of carrying forward the excellent traditional Chinese culture.

For the local people, the archway is not only a precious historical relic but also a spiritual sustenance. It has become an important cultural symbol in the hearts of the local people and an important spiritual bond connecting the emotions of the local people. In the future, with the continuous improvement of the cultural relics protection system and the in-depth development of cultural tourism, the Father and Son Jinshi Memorial Archway will surely be better protected and inherited. It will continue to stand there, silently telling the stories of the past and witnessing the new development of the local cultural context.

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[73] 茶阳饶氏:“父子进士”扬家风、“五花荣封”传佳话-族谱网 https://rao.zupu.cn/xinwen/647737.jhtml

[74] 父子进士坊[广东梅州大埔县茶阳镇的景点]_百科 https://m.baike.com/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%8A/1745487

[75] 携程笔记-父子进士牌坊（4253） https://m.ctrip.com/webapp/you/community/detail?articleId=285617137&hidePublishButton=true&hideTitle=true&allianceid=7144873&sid=263483165

[76] 客都梅州“父子进士”牌坊四百年风流依旧——中新网 https://www.chinanews.com.cn/df/2011/05-21/3057251.shtml

[78] 建设“东亚文化之都”丨中国历史文化名镇(四):茶山向阳古韵悠，才子辈出翰墨香_南方plus_南方+ https://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/202204/18/c6412412.html?enterColumnId=14

[79] 这座客家牌坊，告诉你什么叫做底蕴!-文史广东 https://www.gdwsw.gov.cn/shsy/content/post_28343.html

[80] 广东省文物局关于2020年广东省文物保护单位文物保护工程项目验收结果的通知 http://www.jieyang.gov.cn/attachment/0/84/84729/510569.pdf

[81] 广东省文物局关于全国重点文物保护单位父子进士牌坊修缮工程勘察设计方案的批复 https://whly.gd.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/3/3082/mpost_3082278.html

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[84] 建水县文化和旅游局2020年度部门决算-建水县人民政府 https://www.hhjs.gov.cn/info/2401/182451.htm

[85] 父子进士坊[广东梅州大埔县茶阳镇的景点]_百科 https://m.baike.com/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%8A/1745487

[86] 田野调查 _中国人民大学清史研究所 http://iqh.ruc.edu.cn/old/jsmmhsymjjpyj/tydc/12f3b3d5e750433f824c32fe5b022a84.htm

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[88] 父子进士坊[广东梅州大埔县茶阳镇的景点]_百科 https://m.baike.com/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%8A/1745487

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[91] 彰显孟氏功名——浚县恩荣坊 http://www.qxzc.net/nh/xx-1/html/c/38.htm

[92] 这座客家牌坊，告诉你什么叫做底蕴!_南方plus_南方+ https://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/202204/17/c6408996.html?enterColumnId=14

[93] 旧影中的明代父子进士坊|华西都市报 https://e.thecover.cn/wapepaper/html/20230828/200555.html

[94] 这座客家牌坊，告诉你什么叫做底蕴!-文史广东 https://www.gdwsw.gov.cn/shsy/content/post_28343.html

[95] 大埔茶阳: “父子进士”石牌坊 http://www.mxrb.cn/news.html?aid=222574

[96] 茶阳埔中 名校源流|一所客家乡镇中学的百廿传奇_南方+客户端 http://m.toutiao.com/group/7418442178843755034/

[97] 父子进士坊[广东梅州大埔县茶阳镇的景点]_百科 https://m.baike.com/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%8A/1745487

[98] 携程笔记-父子进士牌坊（4253） https://m.ctrip.com/webapp/you/community/detail?articleId=285617137&hidePublishButton=true&hideTitle=true&allianceid=7144873&sid=263483165

[99] 父子进士留佳传 百年牌坊励后人_南方日报 http://m.toutiao.com/group/7202053886667031040/

[100] 客都梅州“父子进士”牌坊四百年风流依旧_新闻台_中国网络电视台 http://news.cntv.cn/map/20110521/105570.shtml

[101] “父子进士”石牌坊_广东省,梅州市,大埔县-汉语字典 https://www.zxzidian.com/nst/JA17.html

[102] 建设“东亚文化之都”丨中国历史文化名镇(四):茶山向阳古韵悠，才子辈出翰墨香_南方plus_南方+ https://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/202204/18/c6412412.html?enterColumnId=40

[103] 这座客家牌坊，告诉你什么叫做底蕴!_南方plus_南方+ https://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/202204/17/c6408996.html?enterColumnId=14

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[105] 父子进士坊[广东梅州大埔县茶阳镇的景点]_百科 https://m.baike.com/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%8A/1745487

[106] 客都梅州“父子进士”牌坊四百年风流依旧_新闻台_中国网络电视台 http://news.cntv.cn/map/20110521/105570.shtml

[108] 携程笔记-父子进士牌坊（4253） https://m.ctrip.com/webapp/you/community/detail?articleId=285617137&hidePublishButton=true&hideTitle=true&allianceid=7144873&sid=263483165

[109] “父子进士”石牌坊_广东省,梅州市,大埔县-汉语字典 https://www.zxzidian.com/nst/JA17.html

[110] 建设“东亚文化之都”丨梅州文十景(一):父子同进士，文脉永流传_南方plus_南方+ https://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/202206/19/c6601464.html

[111] 父子进士牌坊-丝纶世美景区介绍→买购APP https://m.maigoo.com/citiao/140094.html

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